{"id":283,"date":"2021-09-18T17:01:42","date_gmt":"2021-09-18T17:01:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/sites\/masscommhistorybibliography\/?page_id=283"},"modified":"2025-07-30T19:24:22","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T19:24:22","slug":"race-ethnicity-and-consumer-culture","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/race-ethnicity-and-consumer-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"Race, Ethnicity, and Consumer Culture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Advertising Index Page<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Armitage, Kevin C. \u201cCommercial Indians: Authenticity, Nature, and Industrial Capitalism in Advertising at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.\u201d\u00a0Michigan Historical Review<\/em>\u00a029, no. 2 (2003): 70\u201395.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baldwin, Davarian L. \u201cChicago\u2019s New Negroes: Consumer Culture and Intellectual Life Reconsidered.\u201d\u00a0American Studies<\/em>\u00a044, no. 1\/2 (2003): 121\u2013152.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bauer, Raymond A., and Scott M. Cunningham.  \u201cThe Negro Market.\u201d Journal of Advertising Research <\/em>10 (1970): 3-13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bay, Mia, and Ann Fabian, eds.  Race and Retail: Consumption Across the Color Line<\/em>.  New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2015.

Berkman, Dave. “Advertising in Ebony<\/em> and Life<\/em>: Negro Aspirations vs. Reality,” Journalism Quarterly<\/em> 40, no. 1 (Winter 1963): 53-64.

“Black Image Makers on Madison Avenue.” Black Enterprise<\/em> (February 1971): 15\u201317; 20\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blackwelder, Julia Kirk.  Styling Jim Crow: African-American Beauty Training during Segregation<\/em>.  College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boime, Albert.  The Art of Exclusion: Representing Blacks in the Nineteenth Century<\/em>.  Washington DC: Smithsonian, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boyd, Robert L. \u201cBlack Retail Enterprise and Racial Segregation in Northern Cities before the \u2018Ghetto.\u2019\u201d Sociological Perspectives<\/em> 53 (Fall 2010): 397\u2013417.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Branchik, Blaine J., and Judy Foster Davis. \u201cFrom Servants to Spokesmen: Black Male Advertising Models and Changing US Culture Post World War II.\u201d Journal of Historical Research in Marketing<\/em> 10:4 (2018): 451-477.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brooks, Dwight E.  “Consumer Markets and Consumer Magazines: Black America and the Culture of Consumption,1920-1960.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brooks, Dwight Ernest.  \u201cIn Their Own Words: Advertisers\u2019 Construction of an African American Consumer Market, the World War II Era.\u201d Howard Journal of Communication<\/em> 6: 1\/2 (October 1995): 32-52.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chambers, Jason.  \u201cEqual in Every Way: African- Americans, Consumption and Materialism from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement.\u201d  Advertising and Society Review<\/em> 7:1 (2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chambers, Jason.  Madison Avenue and the Color Line: African Americans in the Advertising Industry<\/em>.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chambers, Jason P.  \u201cWork that Mattered: Emmett McBain and the Creation of Positive Realism in Advertising.\u201d  Advertising & Society Quarterly<\/em> 19:4 (2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chapko, Michael K. \u201cBlack Ads Are Getting Blacker.\u201d Journal of Communications <\/em>26 (Autumn 1976): 175-178.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Choudhury, Pravat K., and Lawrence S. Schmidt. \u201cBlack Models in Advertising to Blacks.\u201d Journal of Advertising Research <\/em>14 (June 1974): 19-22.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinotto, Simone.  Making Italian America: Consumer Culture and the Production of Ethnic Identities.  <\/em>New York: Fordham University Press, 2014.

Clark Davis, Joshua.  \u201cFor the Record: How African American Consumers and Music Retailers Created Commercial Public Space in the 1960s and 1970s South.\u201d Southern Cultures<\/em> 17:4 (Winter 2011): 71-90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cserno, Isabell.  \u201cRace and Mass Consumption in Consumer Culture: National Trademark Advertising Campaigns in the US and Germany, 1890-1930.\u201d PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cutter, Martha J. \u201c\u2018As White as Most White Women\u2019: Racial Passing in Advertisements for Runaway Slaves and the Origins of a Multivalent Term.\u201d American Studies<\/em> 54, no. 4 (2016): 73\u201397.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

David, Siobhan. \u201cFashioning Essence<\/em> Women and Ebony<\/em> Men: Sartorial Instruction and the New Politics of Racial Uplift in Print, 1970\u20131993.\u201d PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Davis, James C.  Commerce in Color: Race, Consumer Culture, and American Literature, 1893-1933.  <\/em>Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Davis, Judy Foster.  \u201cRealizing Marketplace Opportunity: How Research on the Black Consumer Market Influences Mainstream Marketers, 1920-1970.\u201d  Journal of Historical Research in Marketing <\/em>5:4 (2013): 471-493.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DeSantis, Alan Douglas.  “Selling the American Dream: The Chicago Defender and the Great Migration of 1915-1919.” PhD dissertation, University of Indiana, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolan, Mark K. \u201cExtra!  Chicago Defender Race Records Ads Show South from Afar.\u201d Southern Cultures<\/em> 13 (Fall 2007): 106\u201324.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolber, Brian.  \u201cCommodifying Alternative Media Audiences: A Historical Case Study of the Jewish Daily Forward<\/em>.\u201d Communication, Culture & Critique<\/em> 9:2 (2016): 175-192.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edwards, Paul K.  The Southern Urban Negro as Consumer<\/em>.  New York: Prentice Hall, 1932.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foster Davis, Judy.  Pioneering African-American Women in the Advertising Business<\/em>.  New York: Routledge, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geizer, Ronald.  \u201cAdvertising in Ebony<\/em>, 1960 and 1969.\u201d Journalism Quarterly<\/em> 48:1 (1971): 131-134.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gibson, D. Parke.  The $30 Billion Negro<\/em>.  New York: MacMillan, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gitter, A. George, Stephen M. O\u2019Connell, and David Mostofsky. \u201cTrends in Appearance of Models in Ebony <\/em>Ads over 17 Years.\u201d Journalism Quarterly <\/em>49 (1972): 547-550.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goings, Kenneth.  Mammy and Uncle Mose: Black Collectibles and American Stereotyping<\/em>.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gordon, Tammy S.  \u201cTake Amtrak to Black History: Marketing Heritage Tourism to African Americans in the 1970s.\u201d  Journal of Tourism History<\/em> 7:1\/2 (April\/August 2015): 54-74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Greene, Lorenzo J. \u201cThe New England Negro as Seen in Advertisements for Runaway Slaves.\u201d The Journal of Negro History<\/em> 29, no. 2 (1944): 125\u2013146.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heard, Sandra Rena. \u201cThe \u2018Bad\u2019 Black Consumer: A Study of African-American Consumer Culture in Washington, D.C., 1910s\u20131930s.\u201d  PhD dissertation, George Washington University, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hillman, Betty Luther.  Dressing for the Culture Wars: Style and the Politics of Self-Presentation in the 1960s and 1970s<\/em>.  Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Humphrey, Ronald, and Harold Schuman.  \u201cThe Portrayal of Blacks in Magazine Advertisements, 1950-1982.\u201d Public Opinion Quarterly<\/em> 48:3 (1984): 551-563.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imai, Shiho.  Creating the Nisei Market: Race and Citizenship in Japanese American Consumer Culture<\/em>.  Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kassarjian, Harold H.  \u201cThe Negro and American Advertising, 1946-1965.\u201d  Journal of Marketing Research<\/em> 6:1 (1969): 29-39.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kern-Foxworth, Marilyn.  Aunt Jemina, Uncle Ben, and Rastus: Blacks in Advertising, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. <\/em>Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kinlock Sewell, Stacy.  \u201cThe \u2018Not-Buying Power\u2019 of the Black Community: Urban Boycotts and Equal Employment Opportunity, 1960-1964.\u201d  Journal of African-American History<\/em> 89:2 (Spring 2004): 135-151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haidarali, Laila.  Brown Beauty: Color, Sex, and Race from Harlem Renaissance to World War II.  <\/em>New York: NYU Press, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ibrahim, Yasmin.  \u201cThe Negro Marketing Dilemma.\u201d  Journal of Historical Research in Marketing <\/em>8:4 (2016): 545-563.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lauer, Josh. “Visualizing Black Telephone Users: Technological Whiteness and Racial Exclusion in Bell System Advertising.” Technology and Culture<\/em> 65, no. 3 (2024): 899-931<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jackson, Peter.  “Black Male: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Masculinity.”  Gender, Place, and Culture<\/em> 1:4 (1994): 49-59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joyce, George.  The Black Consumer: Dimensions of Behavior and Strategy<\/em>.  New York: Random House, 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ku\u017ama-Markowska, Sylwia. “Americanization Through Innovation: Polish American Women, Domestic Appliances, and the Household Revolution Debate, 1900\u201340.” Technology and Culture<\/em> 66, no. 1 (2025): 161-184.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lacy, S.  “The Advertising Content of African American Newspapers.”  Journalism Quarterly<\/em> 71:3 (1994): 521-530.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leslie, Michael.  “Slow Fade to ?: Advertising in Ebony Magazine.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly<\/em> 72 (Summer 1995): 426-436.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McKaffy, Marilyn M.  “Advertising Race\/Racing Advertising: The Feminine Consumer (Nation), 1876-1900.”  Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society<\/em> 23:1 (1997): 131-174.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mangun, Kimberley and Lisa M. Parcell. \u201cThe Pet Milk Company \u2018Happy Family\u2019 Advertising Campaign: A Groundbreaking Appeal to the Negro Market of the 1950s.\u201d Journalism History<\/em> 40:2 (Summer 2014): 70-84.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manring, M.M.  Slave in a Box: The Strange Career of Aunt Jemima<\/em>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marcellus, Jane.  \u201cNervous Women and Noble Savages: The Romanticized Other in Nineteenth Century US Patent Medicine Advertising.\u201d  Journal of Popular Culture<\/em> 41:5 (October 2008): 784-808.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McAndrew, Malia.  \u201cA Twentieth-Century Triangle Trade: Selling Black Beauty at Home and Abroad, 1945-1965.\u201d  Enterprise & Society<\/em> 11:4 (December 2010): 784-810.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meyer, Carter J., and Diana Royer, eds.  Selling the Indian: Commercializing and Appropriating American Indian Cultures<\/em>.  Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moore, Marian J.  “The Advertising Images of Black Americans, 1880\u20131920 and 1968\u20131979: A Thematic and Interpretive Approach.” PhD dissertation, Bowling Green State University, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Morgan, Jo-Ann.  “African-American Women in Nineteenth Century Visual Culture.”  PhD dissertation, University of California-Los Angeles, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moss, Janice Ward.  The History and Advancement of African Americans in the Advertising Industry, 1895-1999<\/em>.  Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Motley, Carol M., Geraldine R. Henderson, and Stacey Menzel Baker. \u201cExploring Collective Memories Associated with African-American Advertising Memorabilia: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.\u201d Journal of Advertising<\/em> 32, no. 1 (2003): 47\u201357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O’Barr, William M.  Culture and the Ad: Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising<\/em>.  Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        O’Barr, of Duke University, provides a basic instruction manual for reading the subtextual messages related to race and “otherness” in advertising.  Employing Marxist and semiotic theory, he argues that advertisements contain representations of ideology and power relationships in addition to their intended commercial messages.  This secondary discourse instructs readers or viewers with conceptions of hierarchy, dominance and subordination, the ultimate meaning of which is determined by the individuals who encounter them.  Because advertisements often employ stereotypes or present images out of context, representations contained in them are typically inaccurate and tend to lead viewers to construct meanings along preconceived, and often biased, ideas.  The book uses examples from history and contemporary advertising.  Heavily illustrated with black and white reproductions of many advertisements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pattillo-McCoy, Mary.  Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class<\/em>.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pieterse, Jan P.  White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture<\/em>.  New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pollay, Richard W., Jung S. Lee, and David Carter-Whitney. \u201cSeparate, but Not Equal: Racial Segmentation in Cigarette Advertising.\u201d Journal of Advertising<\/em> 21, no. 1 (1992): 45\u201357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regev, Ronny.  \u201cWe Want no More Economic Islands: The Mobilization of the Black Consumer Market in the Postwar US.\u201d History of Retailing and Consumption<\/em> 6:1 (2020): 45-69.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rooks, Noliwe M.  Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African-American Women<\/em>.  New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ruffins, F. Davis.  “Reflecting on Ethnic Imagery in the Landscape of Commerce” in Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century<\/em>, Susan Strasser, et.al., eds.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sandy-Bailey, Julia L.  \u201cThe Negro Market and the Black Freedom Movement in New York City, 1930-1965.\u201d  PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sewell, Stacy Kinlock.  \u201cThe \u2018Not-Buying Power\u2019 of the Black Community: Urban Boycotts and Equal Employment Opportunity, 1960-1964.\u201d  Journal of African-American History<\/em> 89:2 (Spring 2004): 135-151.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sheehan, Elizabeth M. \u201cTo Exist Serially: Black Radical Magazines and Beauty Culture, 1917\u20131919.\u201d The Journal of Modern Periodical Studies<\/em> 9, no. 1 (2018): 30\u201352. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Steele, Jeffery.  \u201cReduced to Images: American Indians in Nineteenth-Century Advertising,\u201d in Dressing in Feathers: The Construction of the Indian in American Popular Culture<\/em>, ed. S. Elizabeth Bird. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Swenson, Jill D.  “African-Americans and Advertising: Race and Representation in U.S. History.” Communication Quarterly<\/em> 43:3 (Summer 1996): 395.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wailoo, Keith. Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the Untold Story of the Menthol Cigarette<\/em>.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Walker, Susannah.  Style & Status: Selling Beauty to African American Women, 1920\u20131975<\/em>.  Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Walker, Susannah. \u201cBlack Dollar Power: Assessing African American Consumerism since 1945,\u201d in African American Urban History since World War II<\/em>, ed. Kenneth L. Kusmer and Joe W. Trotter.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weems Jr., Robert E. “The Revolution Will be Marketed: American Corporations and Black Consumers During the 1960s,” Radical History Review<\/em> 59 (Spring 1994): 94-107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weems, Jr., Robert E.  Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century<\/em>.  New York: New York University Press, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weems, Robert E., Jr. \u201cAfrican American Consumers since World War II,\u201d in African American Urban History since World War II<\/em>, ed. Kenneth L. Kusmer and Joe W. Trotter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wonkeryor, Edward L., ed.  Dimensions of Racism in Advertising: From Slavery to the Twenty-First Century<\/em>.  New York: Peter Lang, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Advertising Index Page<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Advertising Index Page Armitage, Kevin C. \u201cCommercial Indians: Authenticity, Nature, and Industrial Capitalism in Advertising at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.\u201d\u00a0Michigan Historical Review\u00a029, no. 2 (2003): 70\u201395.\u00a0 Baldwin, Davarian L. \u201cChicago\u2019s New Negroes: Consumer Culture and Intellectual Life Reconsidered.\u201d\u00a0American Studies\u00a044, no. 1\/2 (2003): 121\u2013152.\u00a0\u00a0 Bauer, Raymond A., and Scott M. Cunningham.  \u201cThe Negro Market.\u201d Journal of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":48,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-283","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/283","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/48"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=283"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/283\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2130,"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/283\/revisions\/2130"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mupages.marshall.edu\/masscommhistorybibliography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=283"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}